Sunday, December 29, 2019

Raymond Carvers poem Photograph of My Father In His 22nd...

The Theme of Raymond Carvers poem Photograph of My Father In His 22nd Year Growing up we all had expectations of who we should be imposed upon us by our parents. Whether or not we achieved those expectations upon reaching adulthood isnt really the final outcome. There is a greater lesson learned regardless of how we benefited from the imposition. And that realization is what truly shapes our final character. Raymond Carver entertains this topic in his poem, Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-second Year. In this poem Carver provides us with a beautifully touching slice of life that is not only flawless in writing and technique, but that connects and emotionally evokes feelings that are universal in all†¦show more content†¦The young man continues in the description saying, In jeans and denim shirt, he leans against the front fender of a 1934 Ford (6-7). These details help to set-up the false image the young mans father is trying to convey. Upon growing up and then looking back on his father, the young man is able to provide the retrospect ive comment, He would like to pose bluff and hearty for his posterity, wear his old hat cocked over his ear (8-9). This statement illustrates the fact that the young man, upon looking back, has realized that his father desperately tried to project a self image uncharacteristic to his actual self. He is fully aware of whom he is looking at, but just like the kitchen, it feels completely alien to him. The young man states that he can tell his father is attempting to falsify his look and attitude for the sake of his son. The last line of the stanza reinforces this idea when the son proclaims, All his life my father wanted to be bold (10). This comment comes from a young man who has obviously lived his entire life in the shadow of a man constantly trying to be something he wasnt. The reader gets the idea that the son was constantly subjected to his fathers influence upon him to be tough and masculine just like his dad. The last line of the stanza relays to the reader the notion t hat the young man only realized his fathers masked character upon looking back over the course

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Controversy in the Use of Embryonic Stem Cells Essay

â€Å"How can the use of stem cells be so controversial?†, one may ask. If the stem cells are donated out of free will or were going to be destroyed anyway, how can putting them to better use be controversial? Sure, a potential life must be destroyed to save a life, but only before one can tell that it is a human. Should the use of stem cells for medical research and use be regulated? These questions and more will be discussed and pondered throughout this paper. A stem cell is defined as a cell that can change into a different type of cell. Stem cells are different from other cells because from the start they do not have specialized functions. Embryonic stem cells are found within the blastocyst (embryo), which is just a tiny package of†¦show more content†¦These organs would then be transplanted into someone whose had previously failed or is in the process of shutting down. In humans adult stem cells, not embryonic stem cells, have been used in therapies for more tha n forty years. People with blood disorders have used stem cell therapy to take the opportunity to improve upon their life. On the other hand, embryonic stem cells have a very high potential to treat or even cure numerous diseases like diabetes and heart disease. They are much more versatile in their usage compared to adult stem cells. Another practical use for embryonic stem cells is to treat damaged nerves (Testing The Use†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). These nerves could have been impaired in a spinal cord injury. As of today, scientists have already performed stem cell transplants in people whose cells were damaged through chemotherapy of disease. To make the use of stem cells helpful to the patient they must come from that person. If not, there is a possibility of the stem cells being rejected. Currently, only adult stem cells have been transplanted into humans, with embryonic stem cells missing out. If a person stores their stem cells earlier in life, the usefulness of them would be extremel y high later in life (Preserving Stem Cells). A stem cell is more advantageous at a younger age, thus why embryonic stem cells extraordinarily useful. If a person was against the use of stem cells as regenerative medicine or just the use of embryonic stem cells in general,Show MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1543 Words   |  7 PagesWhile embryonic stem cell research has been ongoing for more than 30 years, it has only become a controversial topic over the past decade. The embryonic stem cell was first isolated in 1981 by two scientists at the University of Cambridge. However, it wasn’t until 1998 at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where the first batch of embryonic stem cells were created in a test tube. In 2001, President George W. Bush approved the use of federal funding for research on this topic, following this actionRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1027 Words   |  5 PagesStem cell research is the study of basic cells that are grown in laboratories where tests are made to determine the essential properties of the cells. Over the past few decades, stem cell research has become a popular scientific debate and controversy. Stem cell research is still considered to be relatively new technology that is responsible for taking human cells and developing them into 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cell research has the potential to help disease research and managementRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cells851 Words   |  4 Pagescured with embryonic stem cell therapy. Some researchers regard this as the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the advent of antibiotics† (White). However, not everybody agrees with this. While embryonic stem cells offer much hope for medical advancement because of their ability to grow into almost any kind of cell, the moral debate of the destruction of an embryo continues. Embryonic stem cells are taken directly from an embryo befo re the embryo s cells begin to developRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research852 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge of stem cell research has already created the ability for doctors to print a functional organ just as easily as people can print a persuasive research essay. With great medical advancements comes great controversy. The main way researchers have been studying stem cells is by harvesting undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Those who oppose embryonic stem cell research claim that stem cell harvesting damages and kills the un-born embryo; however, because of advancements in the stem cell harvestingRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cells : Research Worth Pursuing1201 Words   |  5 PagesLauren Sauer Mrs. Vogan Research Paper 24 February 2015 Embryonic Stem Cells: Research worth Pursuing â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life, and give hope for life to millions of people,† said politician Jim Ramstad. This is a very powerful statement, and a very accurate statement. The solution to curing many diseases is just around the corner because of the advancements in embryonic stem cell research. The much needed support of society can speed up the progression ofRead MoreThe Debate Of Stem Cell Research1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Stem Cell Debate In 1998, President Bill Clinton issued a National Bioethics Advisory Commission to begin to study the question of stem cell research (Stem Cells Fast Facts). Since then many advances have been made and stem cells have been used to aid in the alleviation of several medical conditions such as macular degeneration, bone marrow deficiencies, and growing new sheets of new skin for burn victims (Hug). Even though there is much stigma surrounding stem cell research, the medicalRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1690 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen far from reality until the research from embryonic stem cell therapy surfaced. Since former president George W. Bush banned federal funding on embryonic stem cell research in 2001 it has caused a halt in advancements and caused controversy in the public. According to an article by Beau Watts, an accredited physician; embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells (Beau Watts). This means they have not decided what function they perform ye t. Since the cells do not know the function, it can be determinedRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1261 Words   |  6 Pagescure diseases. Now we have stem cell therapy. Stem cells promise future cures for many currently considered to be â€Å"incurable† diseases, but with more research, we can overcome the controversy surrounding this this topic and help people live longer, improve their quality of life, and save many many lives. To understand the big hype about stem cells, one must know what a stem cell is. Stem cells have specialized functions that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. According toRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1212 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Jason Bernard BIOL-10000 July 26, 2015 Introduction In this essay, I hope to analyze both sides of the debate, and also learn more about the topic and share that information. Prior to researching this topic, I feel that any research that can help prevent or cure diseases, than the research should receive full funding and support. What Are Stem Cells? Stem cells were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr. James Till and Dr. Ernest McCulloch, professors at the University of TorontoRead MoreStem Cells And Adult Stem Cell Research882 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell are cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells( Introduction [Stem Cell Information]., 2015). Stem cells, like any other cell divide, however, when stems cells divide they either remain a stem cell or become a specialized cell, for example, a neuron (Introduction [Stem Cell Information]., 2015). Stem cell research is nothing new; in fact the first bone marrow transplant to successfully treat two siblings with combined immunodeficiency

Friday, December 13, 2019

Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(37) " entire land return of 4 hour angle\." The aim of this papers is to measure the environmental impact and execute a hazard appraisal of a MSW incineration works edifice undertaking for a metropolis with 100,000 population near the Loch of Skene, Aberdeenshire. Assuming that mean MSW arising in UK is 509 kilogram per person per twelvemonth, a 50,000 metric tons per annum incineration installation is required, with a 60 m tallness stack, and a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle. You read "Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lower calorific value of MSW should be at least 7MJ/kg, mass firing engineering will be applied with a movable grating, the one-year sum of waste for incineration should be no less than 50,000 metric tons. Loch of Skene is an unreal lake located 15 kilometer West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is designated as a Particular Protection Area for wildlife preservation intents. The proposed MSW incineration works will be surrounded by several small towns and the Westhill metropolis 2.5 kilometer off. The proposed incineration works may hold an inauspicious consequence on the air quality within a big country, contaminate dirt, harvests and exercise a noxious to wellness impact on a great figure of people. It can besides upset or even destruct really sensitive ecosystems of the Loch of Skene. Based on the above mentioned statements, it is recommended that the proposed incineration works should be moved to the bing landfill, ( Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the evidences already exist far from communities and would non upset them because it would hold the same impact as the landfill operation before ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is besides recommended that the incineration procedure should be applied in waste-to-energy engineerings. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command sums of emanations based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Number of words used – 3316. Excluding Submission sheet, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables and References. Table OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUTION 5 1.1 Loch of Skene location 5 1.2 Loch of Skene Environment 5 1.3 Incineration Plant Location 7 1.4 MSW arising and incineration in Scotland 7 2 INCINERATION LEGISLATION 9 2.1 Environmental Licensing 9 2.2 Techniques A ; Technology applied 9 2.3 Public engagement 9 2.4 Waste Incineration Regulations 9 3 INCINERATION PLANT 10 3.1 Incineration engineerings 10 3.2 Energy recovery from waste 11 3.3 Pollution lessening engineerings 11 3.4 Main residuary stuffs managing 11 3.5 Incineration works cost 12 3.6 Incineration workss with energy recovery in Scotland 12 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13 4.1 Air and Land 13 4.2 Water 13 5 SWOT/PEST Analysis 14 6 RISK ASSESSMENT 15 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 17 7.1 Decision 17 7.2 Recommendations 17 8 Mentions 19 List OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location 5 Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene 6 Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) 10 Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix 15 Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) 18 List OF TABLES Table 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland 7 Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators A ; co-incinerators 8 Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in Scotland 8 Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incineration 11 Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration processes 12 Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysis 14 INTRODUTION Loch of Skene location The Loch of Skene is located about 15 km West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is a shoal ( 2 m deep ) , and little ( an country of 1.2 km2 ) lowland loch. Figure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location Administratively, the Loch of Skene is located in the Garioch commission country in Aberdeenshire. The country is largely agricultural and strongly affected by Aberdeen economic system. Several small towns ( Dunecht, Echt, Lyne of Skene, Kirkton of Skene ) and Westhill town ( 10392 dad ) ( 1 ) are located near the Loch. Now, the loch is used for sailing by the Aberdeen and Stonehaven Yacht Club, from April boulder clay June. Loch of Skene Environment The loch of Skene has inland H2O organic structures with standing H2O and waterlogged lakeshores. The loch is surrounded with deciduous and cone-bearing forest. During fall and winter the loch supports an internationally of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. This site qualifies under Article 4.1 of the Directive ( 79/409/EEC ) as back uping populations of the undermentioned European of import migratory species ( Whooper Swan and Graylag Goose ) listed in Annex 1 of the Directive ( 2 ) . A recent JNCC ( 3 ) study states that: ‘Whooper Swan – 203 persons stand foring up to 3.7 % of the wintering population in GB and Graylag Goose, 10840 persons stand foring up to 10.8 % of the wintering Iceland/UK/Ireland population. ‘ The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site. Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene The loch is alimentary rich, which consequences from sewerage installations and agricultural beginnings. The natural ecology has been disturbed by inputs of foods, chiefly from the four Burnss that drain their catchments. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) . Incineration Plant Location The Company has proposed installing of an incineration works for the metropolis with a population of 100,000 near the Loch of Skene. In Scotland, in 2008/09, Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) coevals was 3,288.069 metric tons ( 4 ) . Local governments collected 29.1 MM metric tons of MSW in England and 1.8 MM metric tons in Wales during 2006/07. This included 25.9 MM metric tons of waste from families ( 1.6 MM metric tons in Wales ) – that is approx. half of metric ton or 509 kilograms per individual every twelvemonth, so 100,000 population will bring forth in mean 50,900 ton/year of MSW. And this requires a 50,000 metric tons per annum incineration installation with a 60 m stack tallness, a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle ( 5 ) . MSW arising and incineration in Scotland Municipal solid waste originating in Scotland in 2008/09 was 3.29 MMton. This is the lowest value in a period of 2004-2009. In 2003, the Scots Executive set a mark that any growing in municipal waste should discontinue by 2010 ( 4 ) . Data in the tabular array below show the general tendency of MSW originating and bespeak a decrease of MSW achieved in 2004/5 and 2008/9 by 3.5 % . Table 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland Incineration and co-incineration workss received about 336,000 metric tons of waste in 2008, Table 2.1. Municipal waste makes up 26.2 % of the entire waste. It should be noted that 14,000 metric tons of refuse-derived fuels were sent to England for incineration in 2008. In 2008, there were two municipal waste incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland ( Dundee and Shetland Islands ) . Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators A ; co-incinerators A SEPA ( 4 ) study provinces that, ‘In 2008, 119,000 metric tons ( 35 % ) were recovered and 217,000 metric tons ( 65 % ) were disposed. This was an addition of 82,000 metric tons over 2007. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an addition of 82,000 metric tons ( 220 % ) in the sum of waste recovered. ‘ ( p.28 ) Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in Scotland INCINERATION LEGISLATION Environmental Licensing Incineration installations are a topic of environmental licensing demands as Part A installings under the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( IPPC ) requires portion A installings to run in such a manner that all preventive steps are taken against pollution, in peculiar through the application of the best available techniques, and to guarantee that no important pollution is caused ( 8 ) In conformity with the SEPA policy, an applicant must confer with with SEPA at a every early phase on the nature of the environmental licence required. Techniques A ; Technology applied The chief footing for finding the appropriate criterions that should be applied in a PPC license is known as the best available techniques ( BAT ) The PPC ( 11 ) ordinances define this as, ‘the most effectual and advanced phase in the development of activities and their methods of operation, which indicates practical suitableness of peculiar techniques for supplying in chief the footing for emanation bound values designed to forestall and, where that is non operable, by and large to cut down emanations and the impact on the environment as a whole. ‘ ( p.2 ) Public engagement Harmonizing to the Public Participation Directive ( 10 ) , a waste thermic intervention works application shall be capable to heighten public engagement. This involves public audience on the application when it is received by SEPA and farther public audience when SEPA has come to any determination on a bill of exchange PPC license. Waste Incineration Regulations The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( 96/61/EC ) was established to forestall or understate emanations into the air, H2O, and dirt, every bit good as waste ( 8 ) . The Waste Incineration ( Scotland ) Regulations ( SSI2003/170 ) introduce rigorous regulative controls, whereby all emanations are invariably monitored, and minimal proficient demands for waste incinerator have been established ( 9 ) . The Public Participation Directive ( 2003/35/EC ) requires that the application and determination papers for a waste intervention installing license must be made available to the populace for their remark ( 10 ) . Incineration PLANT Incineration engineerings At present, approximately 96 % of MSW generated in Scotland are disposed of in landfills, and staying MSW is incinerated with energy recovery. Harmonizing to the Landfill Directive ( 12 ) , it a pre-treatment operation is required prior to a disposal of waste. The recreation of these stuffs is one of the most important challenges confronting the direction of MSW in Scotland. Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) Presently there are three chief engineerings available for MSW incineration. Grate Technologies Traveling Grate ( The Roller Grate, the stepped Inclined Grate, Inclined Counter-Rotating Grate ) Fixed Grates – these are a series of stairss with waste being moved by a series of random-access memories Fluidised Bed Bubbling Fluidised Bed – the air flow is sufficient to call up the bed and supply good contact with the waste Go arounding Fluidised Bed – the air flow for this type of unit is higher and therefore atoms are carried out of the burning chamber by the fluke gas. Rotary Kiln – incineration in a rotary kiln is usually a two phase procedure dwelling of a kiln and separate secondary burning chamber. Energy recovery from waste Incineration procedures are designed to retrieve energy from waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported offsite. Useful energy that can be generated from an incineration works utilizing a boiler to bring forth steam is presented in the tabular array below ( 13 ) . End products Efficiency Use Heat merely Up to 80-90 % thermic efficiency Local territory warming for edifices ( residential, commercial ) and or for industrial procedures Electricity 14-27 % Can be supplied to the national grid for sale and distribution Heat and power Dependant on specific demand for heat and power Combination of the above Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incineration Pollution lessening engineerings A common attack to command emanations is as follows: Ammonia injection into hot flue gases to command NOx emanations Lime or Na hydrogen carbonate injection to command SO2 and HCL Carbon injection to capture heavy metals A filter system to take fly ash and other solids ( calcium hydroxide or hydrogen carbonate and C ) Electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers The control of CO, VOCs and dioxins in footings of their concentration is chiefly though right burning conditions being maintained. Typically the weight of Air Pollution Control Residues ( APCR ) produced will be around 2-6 % of the weight of the waste come ining the incinerator ( 13 ) . Main residuary stuffs managing The tabular array below shows the cardinal end products from incineration procedures ( 13 ) . End products State Measure by weight of original waste Remark Incinerator underside ash ( IBA ) Solid residue 20-30 % Potential usage as aggregative replacing or non biodegradable, not risky waste for disposal Metallic elements Requires separation from MSW or IBA 2-5 % Sold for re-smelting APC residues ( including fly ash, agents and waste H2O ) Solid residue/liquid 2-6 % Hazardous waste for disposal Emissions to atmosphere Gaseous 70-75 % Cleaned burning merchandises Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration procedures Incineration works cost Capital costs of an incinerator are extremely dependent on the quality of waste to be processed, engineering employed and its location. The costs will consist those associated with the purchase of the incinerator works, and besides costs for land procurance and readying prior to edifice and besides indirect costs, such as planning, allowing, contractual support and proficient and fiscal services over the development rhythm. Examples of incineration works capital costs are provided below: 50,000 tpa ?25m 136,000 tpa ?35m 265,000 tpa ?51m Incineration workss with energy recovery in Scotland Presently the UK has 19 incinerators in operation processing MSW. In 2005-2006, they processed approx 2.8 MM tones of MSW per annum produced in England. As illustrations of incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland there are Dundee ( 14 ) and Shetland ( 15 ) Waste to Energy Plants. DERL Waste to Energy Plant, Dundee ( 120,000tpa ) . Value: ?35 MM Construction period: 140 hebdomads Year completed: 1999 The works consumes 2.2 MW for in-house burden and exports 8.2 MW to the grid. 10.5 MW are produced by a individual steam turbine generator. Shetland Waste to Energy Plant, Shetland Islands ( 26,000tpa ) Project period: 1994-200 Client: Shetland Island Council Investing: Turnkey contract approx 100 MM DKK Heating consequence: 7 MW The works consists of a fire tubing boiler with a supply temperature of 1150C. Further, 100 % chilling capacity is installed ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Air and Land MSW incinerators are normally fed with a assorted waste flow and combustion of such waste leads to risky substances ab initio present within the waste being mobilised into releases from the incineration works. Whatever control engineering is applied, all types of incineration consequence in releases of toxic substances as ashes and in gases to air. These substances comprise heavy metals, assorted organic compounds, such as dioxins, furans, H fluoride, and C dioxide. Therefore, for the continuance of incineration, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ( dioxins ) and dibenzofurans ( furans ) , hexachlorobenzene ( HCB ) , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB ) may be by chance generated and released. Pollutants that are emitted into the ambiance from incinerator stack, every bit good as ephemeral emanations, may be deposited on the dirt near to the incinerator and pollute the local environment. Since the country environing the Loch of Skene is largely agricultural, it may impact the productiveness and quality of agricultural merchandises ( dirt and harvests taint ) . These pollutants including dioxins and PCBs may besides be transported to great distances by air currents. Live stock may besides take in pollutants, mostly through feeding of contaminated flora. The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site with an of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. An incineration works during the building and operating stages may destruct these comparatively little and sensitive ecosystems. All types of incinerators produce dioxin. Dioxin causes wellness jobs including malignant neoplastic disease, altered sexual development, generative jobs, and suppression of the immune system, diabetes and hormonal effects. Water Water pollution may originate during the building and operation stages of the proposed incinerator. The major subscriber of H2O pollution for the continuance of development comes from deposits transported to streams ensuing from dirt eroding and disposal of sewerage from the building cantonment and site office. After completion and commissioning of the works, sewerage from the works countries and waste H2O watercourse from chilling H2O blow down, rinsing and seepage storage cavity may be the major beginnings of H2O pollution. Since there are godforsaken H2O intervention workss build in Dunecht and Lyne of Skene and these discharge foods to the Kinnernie and Kirktonbridge Burnss, which later drain into the loch, the Loch of Skene is considered to be at high hazard of neglecting to accomplish good ecological position. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) . SWOT/PEST Analysis SWOT/PESTEL analysis Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Political UK authorities support on development new incineration installations Local councils may object Develop local assets Economic Long-run contract to bringing of waste to incineration works High investing cost Monetary values of energy from waste incinerators have to fixed by gov. Inability to pay the full intervention fee Social Introduce new occupations to country Impact on local agreeableness Build visitant Centre to enable local groups to see works and larn dallier about incineration procedure Expostulation and protest from concerned citizens Technical Significantly cut down the sum of waste to be landfilled Measure and quality of waste Use waste-to-energy engineering Poor working waste direction system Environmental High degree of emanations criterions Air emanations, noise, dust, smell Introduce environmental systems and control to assist bolster image Poor works direction Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysis RISK ASSESSMENT The rule of hazard appraisal is to measure the possible hazard to human wellness, safety and the environment finding the chance of jobs to happen, and researching alternate solutions. This involves seting extenuations in topographic point by finding countries, where initial hazard diminution should be considered. Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix Legend: 1 = Very High Hazard ; Additional Considerations Required 2 = High Risk ; Additional Considerations Required 3 = Moderate Risk ; Additional Considerations Recommended. 4 = Possible Risk ; Additional Considerations at Discretion of the Team 5 = Negligible Risk ; Additional Considerations Not Required S = Severity, L = Likelihood, RR = Risk Ranking. Hazard Cause Consequence Hazard Matrix Extenuation Second Liter RR Construction stage Noise and dust building activities and truck traffic Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control and timing of noise emanations, informing local community Construction waste Land renewal and building activities 3 3 3 Waste conveyance and disposal in preies for reuse or in landfills Health and safety Accidents to workers and members of the local community Lack of safety ordinances and uncontrolled entree to the building site 2 3 3 Provide protective shutting, follow safety ordinances, prevent unauthorized entree to the building site by fencing and dark security guard Biodiversity Land renewal and building activities devastation of the natural ecosystem at the installation site 2 3 3 Paving of storage and operation countries, drainage and effluent direction Operating stage Dust production From waste trucks during waste transit and handling Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 Pull offing of offloading processs during bringings, good housework Noise pollution Truck traffic and operation of the incinerator Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control of timing of noise emanations, Min 500 m off from residential countries Odour production Waste bringings and storage Impact on human wellness 3 3 3 Covered waste trucks, response hall with an automatically closed door, little negative force per unit area to forestall odour get awaying Spillage of ash Leached by surface H2O into the environing drainage system Loss of risky waste to open H2O 1 3 3 Regular site cleansing, control of all processs Fleeting emanations Dust, calcium hydroxide and ash, release to the air from the installing Impact on human wellness 1 3 3 Delivery and storage direction of fuels, natural stuffs, byproducts and waste Health and safety jeopardies Emission of dioxins and other toxic pollutants from the stack Impact on human wellness, perchance carcinogenic and to be a tumour booster 1 3 3 Using activated C, dry calcium hydroxide and fabric filters to command dioxin emanations Continuous monitoring and describing emanations of NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, HCL, TOC from the stack, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS Decision The proposed undertaking of an Incineration works installing near the Loch of Skene could ensue in inauspicious environmental impacts on really sensitive loch ecosystems. The local community is besides at hazard of possible impacts of pollutants released from the stack of the waste incinerator. There is a high hazard with allowing issues because the Loch of Skene is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site. Recommendations The site of incinerator should be moved to the bing landfill ( for illustration, the Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the location is already far from the communities and will non upset them because its operation is the same as that of the landfill operation ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is suggested that the apply incineration procedure should be designed to retrieve energy from the waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported off site. It is suggested impersonal nomenclature, the â€Å" MSW Processing Plant † should be applied alternatively of the â€Å" MSW Incineration Plant † . The Design and Architecture of the Plant should non resemble a typical incineration works. The sum of incinerated waste should non transcend the landfill capacity. Hazardous waste should be separated before waste is burned in the incinerator. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command the sum of emanations and their contents based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) – Crows Nest Landfill location, Banchory How to cite Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Advanced Artificial Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Advanced Artificial Intelligence Essay Artificial Intelligence: Cognitive Ability or Information Processing Computers have become an integral part of our everyday lives. We rely upon these machines to perform innumerable tasks that we often take for granted. Most people realize that computers are able to perform the multitude of functions as a consequence of the programming they receive. These programs give computers a set of instructions that governs their transition from one information processing state to another. Thus, computational machines are able to respond to a certain set of inputs with a certain range of outputs. In order to comprehend programs one needs only to describe these instructions in functional terms. In this regard, computer programs are extremely similar to functional accounts of the human mind, which contend that in order to understand the mind, one must simply examine the relationship between stimulus and behavior. Consequently, the question has naturally arisen as to whether a computer which consisted of a sufficiently sophisticated program would be capable of thought. This question has resulted in lively debate, with one camp of people including John R. Searle emphatically denying the plausibility of Artificial Intelligence. On the other side of the debate, individuals such as Paul and Patricia Churchland have declared that although a serial machine with a program might not be able to think, Artificial Intelligence might be feasible in parallel processing computers. In Is the Brains Mind a Computer Program, John R. Searle presents an interesting argument against strong artificial intelligence proponents. Believers of strong artificial intelligence contend that a computer that can pass the Turing test is displaying cognitive ability. The Turing test basically states that if a computer can function in such a way that an expert can not distinguish its performance from that of a human who has a certain cognitive ability, such as the ability to understand a language, then the computer also has that ability. Proponents of weak artificial intelligence have a much less forceful view which states that if a computer can pass the Turing test it is merely a successful model of the mind. In his essay, it is the strong AI proponents whom Searle is critiquing. Searles argument against artificial intelligence can essentially be summed up in three simple statements: (1) Computer programs are formal/syntactic (2) Human minds have mental contents or semantics (3) Syntax by itself is neither constitutive of nor sufficient for semantics. From these three statements Searle concludes that, Programs are neither constitutive of nor sufficient for minds. In order to illustrate his argument, Searle then utilizes the so called Chinese room argument. The Chinese room simulation commences with a person who has no knowledge of the Chinese language. This person is then placed into a room containing baskets full of Chinese symbols. In addition, this individual is provided with a rule book (in a language which he or she presumably understands) for matching Chinese symbols with other Chinese symbols. The rules identify these characters solely in terms of their shapes and do not require any comprehension of them. The argument then asks that you imagine that there are people outside the room who understand Chinese and who hand this person symbols which pose certain questions. In response, this person manipulates these symbols according to the provided rule book, and hands back certain symbols. The symbols that this individual returns, unknown to the person inside the room, are answers to the questions which these native Chinese speakers are posing. Furthermore, this rule book makes this persons answers indistinguishable from a native Chinese speakers. Hence, this individual would be able to satisfy the Turing test for comprehension of the Chinese language, although he does not actually have any understanding of the language. .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c , .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .postImageUrl , .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c , .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:hover , .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:visited , .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:active { border:0!important; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:active , .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud047480c6294d7b189542046c467001c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche discusses his views on Christianity, other philosophers, and authors of his time Essay Searle then makes the analogy between the rule book and a computer program, the person and the computer, and the symbols and a computers data base to decisively demonstrate that symbol manipulating devices are not enough for cognition. In Searles opinion, computers can never be minds because they are inherently different from brains. He argues that brains do not merely instantiate a program but also cause mental events by virtue of specific neuro biological processes. Searle is essentially making the contention that brains, .